Stephen Schwarzman is the CEO and Co-Founder of Blackstone, one of the world's leading investment firms with over 530 billion dollars of assets under management. He is one of the most successful business leaders in history, all from humble beginnings back in Philly. I recommend his recent book called What It Takes that tells stories and lessons from this personal journey. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex EPISODE LINKS: What It Takes (book): https://amzn.to/2WX9cZu This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 04:17 - Going big in business 07:34 - How to recognize an opportunity 16:00 - Solving problems that people have 25:26 - Philanthropy 32:51 - Hope for the new College of Computing at MIT 37:32 - Unintended consequences of technological innovation 42:24 - Education systems in China and United States 50:22 - American AI Initiative 59:53 - Starting a business is a rough ride 1:04:26 - Love and family

Dawn Song is a professor of computer science at UC Berkeley with research interests in security, most recently with a focus on the intersection between computer security and machine learning. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: – Cash App – use code “LexPodcast” and download: – Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe – Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Dawn's Twitter: https://twitter.com/dawnsongtweets Dawn's Website: https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dawnsong/ Oasis Labs: https://www.oasislabs.com This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 01:53 - Will software always have security vulnerabilities? 09:06 - Human are the weakest link in security 16:50 - Adversarial machine learning 51:27 - Adversarial attacks on Tesla Autopilot and self-driving cars 57:33 - Privacy attacks 1:05:47 - Ownership of data 1:22:13 - Blockchain and cryptocurrency 1:32:13 - Program synthesis 1:44:57 - A journey from physics to computer science 1:56:03 - US and China 1:58:19 - Transformative moment 2:00:02 - Meaning of life

Ilya Sutskever is the co-founder of OpenAI, is one of the most cited computer scientist in history with over 165,000 citations, and to me, is one of the most brilliant and insightful minds ever in the field of deep learning. There are very few people in this world who I would rather talk to and brainstorm with about deep learning, intelligence, and life than Ilya, on and off the mic. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: – Cash App – use code “LexPodcast” and download: – Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe – Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Ilya's Twitter: https://twitter.com/ilyasut Ilya's Website: https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~ilya/ This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:23 - AlexNet paper and the ImageNet moment 08:33 - Cost functions 13:39 - Recurrent neural networks 16:19 - Key ideas that led to success of deep learning 19:57 - What's harder to solve: language or vision? 29:35 - We're massively underestimating deep learning 36:04 - Deep double descent 41:20 - Backpropagation 42:42 - Can neural networks be made to reason? 50:35 - Long-term memory 56:37 - Language models 1:00:35 - GPT-2 1:07:14 - Active learning 1:08:52 - Staged release of AI systems 1:13:41 - How to build AGI? 1:25:00 - Question to AGI 1:32:07 - Meaning of life

Daphne Koller is a professor of computer science at Stanford University, a co-founder of Coursera with Andrew Ng and Founder and CEO of insitro, a company at the intersection of machine learning and biomedicine. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: – Cash App – use code “LexPodcast” and download: – Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe – Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Daphne's Twitter: https://twitter.com/daphnekoller Daphne's Website: https://ai.stanford.edu/users/koller/index.html Insitro: http://insitro.com This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:22 - Will we one day cure all disease? 06:31 - Longevity 10:16 - Role of machine learning in treating diseases 13:05 - A personal journey to medicine 16:25 - Insitro and disease-in-a-dish models 33:25 - What diseases can be helped with disease-in-a-dish approaches? 36:43 - Coursera and education 49:04 - Advice to people interested in AI 50:52 - Beautiful idea in deep learning 55:10 - Uncertainty in AI 58:29 - AGI and AI safety 1:06:52 - Are most people good? 1:09:04 - Meaning of life

Harry Cliff is a particle physicist at the University of Cambridge working on the Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment that specializes in searching for hints of new particles and forces by studying a type of particle called the "beauty quark", or "b quark". In this way, he is part of the group of physicists who are searching answers to some of the biggest questions in modern physics. He is also an exceptional communicator of science with some of the clearest and most captivating explanations of basic concepts in particle physics I've ever heard. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: – ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod – Cash App – use code “LexPodcast” and download: – Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe – Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Harry's Website: https://www.harrycliff.co.uk/ Harry's Twitter: https://twitter.com/harryvcliff Beyond the Higgs Lecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edvdzh9Pggg Harry's stand-up: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnediKM_Sts This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 03:51 - LHC and particle physics 13:55 - History of particle physics 38:59 - Higgs particle 57:55 - Unknowns yet to be discovered 59:48 - Beauty quarks 1:07:38 - Matter and antimatter 1:10:22 - Human side of the Large Hadron Collider 1:17:27 - Future of large particle colliders 1:24:09 - Data science with particle physics 1:27:17 - Science communication 1:33:36 - Most beautiful idea in physics

Jack Dorsey is the co-founder and CEO of Twitter and the founder and CEO of Square. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex EPISODE LINKS: Jack's Twitter: https://twitter.com/jack Start Small Tracker: https://bit.ly/2KxdiBL This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:48 - Engineering at scale 08:36 - Increasing access to the economy 13:09 - Machine learning at Square 15:18 - Future of the digital economy 17:17 - Cryptocurrency 25:31 - Artificial intelligence 27:49 - Her 29:12 - Exchange with Elon Musk about bots 32:05 - Concerns about artificial intelligence 35:40 - Andrew Yang 40:57 - Eating one meal a day 45:49 - Mortality 47:50 - Meaning of life 48:59 - Simulation

Dmitry Korkin is a professor of bioinformatics and computational biology at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where he specializes in bioinformatics of complex disease, computational genomics, systems biology, and biomedical data analytics. I came across Dmitry's work when in February his group used the viral genome of the COVID-19 to reconstruct the 3D structure of its major viral proteins and their interactions with human proteins, in effect creating a structural genomics map of the coronavirus and making this data open and available to researchers everywhere. We talked about the biology of COVID-19, SARS, and viruses in general, and how computational methods can help us understand their structure and function in order to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Dmitry's Website: http://korkinlab.org/ Dmitry's Twitter: https://twitter.com/dmkorkin Dmitry's Paper that we discuss: https://bit.ly/3eKghEM This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:33 - Viruses are terrifying and fascinating 06:02 - How hard is it to engineer a virus? 10:48 - What makes a virus contagious? 29:52 - Figuring out the function of a protein 53:27 - Functional regions of viral proteins 1:19:09 - Biology of a coronavirus treatment 1:34:46 - Is a virus alive? 1:37:05 - Epidemiological modeling 1:55:27 - Russia 2:02:31 - Science bobbleheads 2:06:31 - Meaning of life

Stephen Wolfram is a computer scientist, mathematician, and theoretical physicist who is the founder and CEO of Wolfram Research, a company behind Mathematica, Wolfram Alpha, Wolfram Language, and the new Wolfram Physics project. He is the author of several books including A New Kind of Science, which on a personal note was one of the most influential books in my journey in computer science and artificial intelligence. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Stephen's Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephen_wolfram Stephen's Website: https://www.stephenwolfram.com/ Wolfram Research Twitter: https://twitter.com/WolframResearch Wolfram Research YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/WolframResearch Wolfram Research Website: https://www.wolfram.com/ Wolfram Alpha: https://www.wolframalpha.com/ A New Kind of Science (book): https://amzn.to/34JruB2 This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 04:16 - Communicating with an alien intelligence 12:11 - Monolith in 2001: A Space Odyssey 29:06 - What is computation? 44:54 - Physics emerging from computation 1:14:10 - Simulation 1:19:23 - Fundamental theory of physics 1:28:01 - Richard Feynman 1:39:57 - Role of ego in science 1:47:21 - Cellular automata 2:15:08 - Wolfram language 2:55:14 - What is intelligence? 2:57:47 - Consciousness 3:02:36 - Mortality 3:05:47 - Meaning of life

Eric Weinstein is a mathematician with a bold and piercing intelligence, unafraid to explore the biggest questions in the universe and shine a light on the darkest corners of our society. He is the host of The Portal podcast, a part of which, he recently released his 2013 Oxford lecture on his theory of Geometric Unity that is at the center of his lifelong efforts in arriving at a theory of everything that unifies the fundamental laws of physics. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Eric's Twitter: https://twitter.com/EricRWeinstein Eric's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/ericweinsteinphd The Portal podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-portal/id1469999563 Graph, Wall, Tome wiki: https://theportal.wiki/wiki/Graph,_Wall,_Tome This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:08 - World War II and the Coronavirus Pandemic 14:03 - New leaders 31:18 - Hope for our time 34:23 - WHO 44:19 - Geometric unity 1:38:55 - We need to get off this planet 1:40:47 - Elon Musk 1:46:58 - Take Back MIT 2:15:31 - The time at Harvard 2:37:01 - The Portal 2:42:58 - Legacy

Richard Dawkins is an evolutionary biologist, and author of The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, The God Delusion, The Magic of Reality, The Greatest Show on Earth, and his latest Outgrowing God. He is the originator and popularizer of a lot of fascinating ideas in evolutionary biology and science in general, including funny enough the introduction of the word meme in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, which in the context of a gene-centered view of evolution is an exceptionally powerful idea. He is outspoken, bold, and often fearless in his defense of science and reason, and in this way, is one of the most influential thinkers of our time. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Richard's Website: https://www.richarddawkins.net/ Richard's Twitter: https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins Richard's Books: - Selfish Gene: https://amzn.to/34tpHQy - The Magic of Reality: https://amzn.to/3c0aqZQ - The Blind Watchmaker: https://amzn.to/2RqV5tH - The God Delusion: https://amzn.to/2JPrxlc - Outgrowing God: https://amzn.to/3ebFess - The Greatest Show on Earth: https://amzn.to/2Rp2j1h This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:31 - Intelligent life in the universe 05:03 - Engineering intelligence (are there shortcuts?) 07:06 - Is the evolutionary process efficient? 10:39 - Human brain and AGI 15:31 - Memes 26:37 - Does society need religion? 33:10 - Conspiracy theories 39:10 - Where do morals come from in humans? 46:10 - AI began with the ancient wish to forge the gods 49:18 - Simulation 56:58 - Books that influenced you 1:02:53 - Meaning of life

David Silver leads the reinforcement learning research group at DeepMind and was lead researcher on AlphaGo, AlphaZero and co-lead on AlphaStar, and MuZero and lot of important work in reinforcement learning. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Reinforcement learning (book): https://amzn.to/2Jwp5zG This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 04:09 - First program 11:11 - AlphaGo 21:42 - Rule of the game of Go 25:37 - Reinforcement learning: personal journey 30:15 - What is reinforcement learning? 43:51 - AlphaGo (continued) 53:40 - Supervised learning and self play in AlphaGo 1:06:12 - Lee Sedol retirement from Go play 1:08:57 - Garry Kasparov 1:14:10 - Alpha Zero and self play 1:31:29 - Creativity in AlphaZero 1:35:21 - AlphaZero applications 1:37:59 - Reward functions 1:40:51 - Meaning of life

Roger Penrose is physicist, mathematician, and philosopher at University of Oxford. He has made fundamental contributions in many disciplines from the mathematical physics of general relativity and cosmology to the limitations of a computational view of consciousness. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Cycles of Time (book): https://amzn.to/39tXtpp The Emperor's New Mind (book): https://amzn.to/2yfeVkD This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 03:51 - 2001: A Space Odyssey 09:43 - Consciousness and computation 23:45 - What does it mean to "understand" 31:37 - What's missing in quantum mechanics? 40:09 - Whatever consciousness is, it's not a computation 44:13 - Source of consciousness in the human brain 1:02:57 - Infinite cycles of big bangs 1:22:05 - Most beautiful idea in mathematics

Nick Bostrom is a philosopher at University of Oxford and the director of the Future of Humanity Institute. He has worked on fascinating and important ideas in existential risks, simulation hypothesis, human enhancement ethics, and the risks of superintelligent AI systems, including in his book Superintelligence. I can see talking to Nick multiple times on this podcast, many hours each time, but we have to start somewhere. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Nick's website: https://nickbostrom.com/ Future of Humanity Institute: - https://twitter.com/fhioxford - https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/ Books: - Superintelligence: https://amzn.to/2JckX83 Wikipedia: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_indifference - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_argument - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:48 - Simulation hypothesis and simulation argument 12:17 - Technologically mature civilizations 15:30 - Case 1: if something kills all possible civilizations 19:08 - Case 2: if we lose interest in creating simulations 22:03 - Consciousness 26:27 - Immersive worlds 28:50 - Experience machine 41:10 - Intelligence and consciousness 48:58 - Weighing probabilities of the simulation argument 1:01:43 - Elaborating on Joe Rogan conversation 1:05:53 - Doomsday argument and anthropic reasoning 1:23:02 - Elon Musk 1:25:26 - What's outside the simulation? 1:29:52 - Superintelligence 1:47:27 - AGI utopia 1:52:41 - Meaning of life

Simon Sinek is an author of several books including Start With Why, Leaders Eat Last, and his latest The Infinite Game. He is one of the best communicators of what it takes to be a good leader, to inspire, and to build businesses that solve big difficult challenges. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Simon twitter: https://twitter.com/simonsinek Simon facebook: https://www.facebook.com/simonsinek Simon website: https://simonsinek.com/ Books: - Infinite Game: https://amzn.to/2WxBH1i - Leaders Eat Last: https://amzn.to/2xf70Ds - Start with Why: https://amzn.to/2WxBH1i This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 3:50 - Meaning of life as an infinite game 10:13 - Optimism 13:30 - Mortality 17:52 - Hard work 26:38 - Elon Musk, Steve Jobs, and leadership

Anca Dragan is a professor at Berkeley, working on human-robot interaction -- algorithms that look beyond the robot's function in isolation, and generate robot behavior that accounts for interaction and coordination with human beings. Support this podcast by supporting the sponsors and using the special code: - Download Cash App on the App Store or Google Play & use code "LexPodcast"  EPISODE LINKS: Anca's Twitter: https://twitter.com/ancadianadragan Anca's Website: https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~anca/ This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:26 - Interest in robotics 05:32 - Computer science 07:32 - Favorite robot 13:25 - How difficult is human-robot interaction? 32:01 - HRI application domains 34:24 - Optimizing the beliefs of humans 45:59 - Difficulty of driving when humans are involved 1:05:02 - Semi-autonomous driving 1:10:39 - How do we specify good rewards? 1:17:30 - Leaked information from human behavior 1:21:59 - Three laws of robotics 1:26:31 - Book recommendation 1:29:02 - If a doctor gave you 5 years to live... 1:32:48 - Small act of kindness 1:34:31 - Meaning of life

Vitalik Buterin is co-creator of Ethereum and ether, which is a cryptocurrency that is currently the second-largest digital currency after bitcoin. Ethereum has a lot of interesting technical ideas that are defining the future of blockchain technology, and Vitalik is one of the most brilliant people innovating this space today. Support this podcast by supporting the sponsors with a special code: - Get ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod - Sign up to MasterClass at https://masterclass.com/lex EPISODE LINKS: Vitalik blog: https://vitalik.ca Ethereum whitepaper: http://bit.ly/3cVDTpj Casper FFG (paper): http://bit.ly/2U6j7dJ Quadratic funding (paper): http://bit.ly/3aUZ8Wd Bitcoin whitepaper: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Mastering Ethereum (book): https://amzn.to/2xEjWmE This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 04:43 - Satoshi Nakamoto 08:40 - Anonymity 11:31 - Open source project leadership 13:04 - What is money? 30:02 - Blockchain and cryptocurrency basics 46:51 - Ethereum 59:23 - Proof of work 1:02:12 - Ethereum 2.0 1:13:09 - Beautiful ideas in Ethereum 1:16:59 - Future of cryptocurrency 1:22:06 - Cryptocurrency resources and people to follow 1:24:28 - Role of governments 1:27:27 - Meeting Putin 1:29:41 - Large number of cryptocurrencies 1:32:49 - Mortality

Lee Smolin is a theoretical physicist, co-inventor of loop quantum gravity, and a contributor of many interesting ideas to cosmology, quantum field theory, the foundations of quantum mechanics, theoretical biology, and the philosophy of science. He is the author of several books including one that critiques the state of physics and string theory called The Trouble with Physics, and his latest book, Einstein's Unfinished Revolution: The Search for What Lies Beyond the Quantum. EPISODE LINKS: Books mentioned: - Einstein's Unfinished Revolution by Lee Smolin: https://amzn.to/2TsF5c3 - The Trouble With Physics by Lee Smolin: https://amzn.to/2v1FMzy - Against Method by Paul Feyerabend: https://amzn.to/2VOPXCD This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (App Store, Google Play), use code "LexPodcast".  Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 03:03 - What is real? 05:03 - Scientific method and scientific progress 24:57 - Eric Weinstein and radical ideas in science 29:32 - Quantum mechanics and general relativity 47:24 - Sean Carroll and many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics 55:33 - Principles in science 57:24 - String theory

Ann Druyan is the writer, producer, director, and one of the most important and impactful communicators of science in our time. She co-wrote the 1980 science documentary series Cosmos hosted by Carl Sagan, whom she married in 1981, and her love for whom, with the help of NASA, was recorded as brain waves on a golden record along with other things our civilization has to offer and launched into space on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft that are now, 42 years later, still active, reaching out farther into deep space than any human-made object ever has. This was a profound and beautiful decision she made as a Creative Director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project. In 2014, she went on to create the second season of Cosmos, called Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, and in 2020, the new third season called Cosmos: Possible Worlds, which is being released this upcoming Monday, March 9. It is hosted, once again, by the fun and brilliant Neil deGrasse Tyson. EPISODE LINKS: Cosmos Twitter: https://twitter.com/COSMOSonTV Cosmos Website: https://fox.tv/CosmosOnTV This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (App Store, Google Play), use code "LexPodcast".  Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 03:24 - Role of science in society 07:04 - Love and science 09:07 - Skepticism in science 14:15 - Voyager, Carl Sagan, and the Golden Record 36:41 - Cosmos 53:22 - Existential threats 1:00:36 - Origin of life 1:04:22 - Mortality

Alex Garland is a writer and director of many imaginative and philosophical films from the dreamlike exploration of human self-destruction in the movie Annihilation to the deep questions of consciousness and intelligence raised in the movie Ex Machina, which to me is one of the greatest movies on artificial intelligence ever made. I'm releasing this podcast to coincide with the release of his new series called Devs that will premiere this Thursday, March 5, on Hulu. EPISODE LINKS: Devs: https://hulu.tv/2x35HaH Annihilation: https://hulu.tv/3ai9Eqk Ex Machina: https://www.netflix.com/title/80023689 Alex IMDb: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0307497/ Alex Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Garland This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (App Store, Google Play), use code "LexPodcast".  Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 03:42 - Are we living in a dream? 07:15 - Aliens 12:34 - Science fiction: imagination becoming reality 17:29 - Artificial intelligence 22:40 - The new "Devs" series and the veneer of virtue in Silicon Valley 31:50 - Ex Machina and 2001: A Space Odyssey 44:58 - Lone genius 49:34 - Drawing inpiration from Elon Musk 51:24 - Space travel 54:03 - Free will 57:35 - Devs and the poetry of science 1:06:38 - What will you be remembered for?

John Hopfield is professor at Princeton, whose life's work weaved beautifully through biology, chemistry, neuroscience, and physics. Most crucially, he saw the messy world of biology through the piercing eyes of a physicist. He is perhaps best known for his work on associate neural networks, now known as Hopfield networks that were one of the early ideas that catalyzed the development of the modern field of deep learning. EPISODE LINKS: Now What? article: http://bit.ly/3843LeU John wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopfield Books mentioned: - Einstein's Dreams: https://amzn.to/2PBa96X - Mind is Flat: https://amzn.to/2I3YB84 This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon. This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (App Store, Google Play), use code "LexPodcast".  Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. OUTLINE: 00:00 - Introduction 02:35 - Difference between biological and artificial neural networks 08:49 - Adaptation 13:45 - Physics view of the mind 23:03 - Hopfield networks and associative memory 35:22 - Boltzmann machines 37:29 - Learning 39:53 - Consciousness 48:45 - Attractor networks and dynamical systems 53:14 - How do we build intelligent systems? 57:11 - Deep thinking as the way to arrive at breakthroughs 59:12 - Brain-computer interfaces 1:06:10 - Mortality 1:08:12 - Meaning of life