🇺🇸 United States Episodes

14831 episodes from United States

#334 – Abbas Amanat: Iran Protests, Mahsa Amini, History, CIA & Nuclear Weapons

From Lex Fridman Podcast

Abbas Amanat is a historian at Yale specializing in the modern history of Iran. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Henson Shaving: https://hensonshaving.com/lex and use code LEX to get 100 free blades with your razor – InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off – Onnit: https://lexfridman.com/onnit to get up to 10% off – ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod to get 3 months free EPISODE LINKS: Abbas’s Website: https://history.yale.edu/people/abbas-amanat Abbas’s Books: 1. Iran: https://amzn.to/3zzLWVA 2. Apocalyptic Islam and Iranian Shi’ism: https://amzn.to/3h66fU0 PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (06:18) – Mahsa Amini protests in Iran (24:35) – Propaganda (42:13) – Iranian culture (59:02) – Violent suppression of protests (1:20:31) – Islamic Revolution (1:38:14) – CIA in Iran (1:54:30) – Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini (2:25:26) – Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei (2:33:21) – Nuclear weapons (2:41:38) – Israel (2:56:18) – Putin (3:03:50) – Future of Iran

#1892 - Sober October 4 Recap

From Joe Rogan Experience

Ari Shaffir, Tom Segura, and Bert Kreischer are stand-up comics and podcast hosts. Ari is the host of "The Skeptic Tank" podcast. His new special, "Ari Shaffir: Jew," is available now on YouTube. Together, Tom and Bert are the co-hosts of the "2 Bears, 1 Cave" podcast. Tom also co-hosts a podcast with his wife and fellow comedian Christina Pazsitzky, "Your Mom's House," as well as his own Spanish language podcast: "Tom Segura en Español." His new book, "I'd Like to Play Alone, Please: Essays," is available now. Bert hosts his own podcast, "The Bertcast," and can be seen starring on TBS's "The Go-Big Show," and the YouTube cooking program "Somethings Burning." https://www.youtube.com/c/arishaffir www.tomsegura.com www.bertbertbert.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

AMA #1: Leveraging Ultradian Cycles, How to Protect Your Brain, Seed Oils Examined and More

From Huberman Lab

Welcome to a preview of the first Ask Me Anything (AMA) episode, part of Huberman Lab Premium subscription. The Huberman Lab Premium subscription was launched for two main reasons. First, it was launched in order to raise support for the standard Huberman Lab podcast channel — which will continue to come out every Monday at zero-cost. Second, it was launched as a means to raise funds for important scientific research. A significant portion of proceeds from the Huberman Lab Premium subscription will fund human research (not animal models) selected by Dr. Huberman, with a dollar-for-dollar match from the Tiny Foundation. Subscribe to Huberman Lab Premium at https://hubermanlab.com/premium Timestamps (00:00:00) Introduction (00:01:09) How do you use ultradian cycles in your daily work? (00:22:38) Huberman Lab Premium In the full 2 hour+ AMA episode, we discuss: Neuroplasticity and dementias (Alzheimer's, MS, Parkinson's) — Protocols for protecting the brain? Zone 2 training What do you do when you live in a northern climate and the sun doesn't rise until hours after you are up? Morning routine for people who work from 8 am to 5 pm Best productivity method: to-do list or time-blocking everything on a calendar? Seed oils and metabolic disease Do recommendations and protocols you give change with age (beyond 60)? What advice would you give to your younger self? Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac Huberman Lab is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing or other professional health care services, including the giving of medical advice, and no doctor/patient relationship is formed. The use of information on this podcast or materials linked from this podcast is at the user’s own risk. The content of this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice for any medical condition they may have and should seek the assistance of their health care professionals for any such conditions. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A virus-resistant organism -- and what it could mean for the future | Jason W. Chin

From TED Talks Daily

What if we could use the power of DNA to create a sustainable, circular economy? In a talk about breakthrough science, synthetic biologist Jason W. Chin describes his team's work rewriting the genetic blueprint of cells to create a virus-resistant organism -- the largest synthetic genome ever made and a first step towards reimagining what life can become. Learn more about how this advancement could lay the groundwork for the sustainable factories of the future, capable of producing plastics, antibiotics and more.Learn more about our flagship conference happening this April at attend.ted.com/podcast Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Super Soul Special: Oprah Winfrey: FULFILLMENT

From Oprah's Super Soul

Original Airdate: February 3, 2021 In this episode Oprah sits down with inspirational teachers, including Gary Zukav, Mastin Kipp, Paulo Coehlo, Sue Monk Kidd, Pastor Wintley Phipps, Nate Berkus, Diana Nyad, India.Arie, Janet Mock, Jack Canfield, Daniel Pink, Daniel Goleman, Shawn Achor, Jeff Weiner, Wes Moore, Shonda Rhimes and Devon Franklin to discuss how we can fulfill our purpose with meaning and discover our own authentic power leading to the highest and truest version of ourselves. Interviews with these talented writers, speakers and thought leaders are excerpted from Oprah’s Emmy Award-winning show Super Soul Sunday. You can also find this compilation and other insightful conversations in Oprah’s best-selling books The Wisdom of Sundays and The Path Made Clear.

The Inside Story Of The Fake Twitter Employees Who Trolled The Media and 8 Profitable Side Hustles For Halloween & Christmas

From My First Million

Episode 381: Sam Parr (@TheSamParr) and Shaan Puri (@ShaanVP) have the inside story about the two fake Twitter employees who trolled the media, where billions are spent for Halloween, and eight side hustles for the holidays. ----- Links: * Spirit Halloween * Rubies * Zombie Pumpkins * Pumpkinsteins * Hu.ma.ne * Suleman Ali * Do you love MFM and want to see Sam and Shaan's smiling faces? Subscribe to our Youtube channel. * Want more insights like MFM? Check out Shaan's newsletter. ------ Show Notes: (01:30) - Troll of the year: Rahul Ligma & Daniel Johnson (08:25) - Elon Taking Over Twitter and Elon's War Room (19:00) - Halloween Research - How much people spend (29:25) - Zombie Pumpkins (30:15) - Halloween Ideas (37:35) - VR Haunted House (43:30) - Pet costumes (44:20) - Hu.ma.ne (54:15) - Suleman Ali's Twitter thread ----- Past guests on My First Million include Rob Dyrdek, Hasan Minhaj, Balaji Srinivasan, Jake Paul, Dr. Andrew Huberman, Gary Vee, Lance Armstrong, Sophia Amoruso, Ariel Helwani, Ramit Sethi, Stanley Druckenmiller, Peter Diamandis, Dharmesh Shah, Brian Halligan, Marc Lore, Jason Calacanis, Andrew Wilkinson, Julian Shapiro, Kat Cole, Codie Sanchez, Nader Al-Naji, Steph Smith, Trung Phan, Nick Huber, Anthony Pompliano, Ben Askren, Ramon Van Meer, Brianne Kimmel, Andrew Gazdecki, Scott Belsky, Moiz Ali, Dan Held, Elaine Zelby, Michael Saylor, Ryan Begelman, Jack Butcher, Reed Duchscher, Tai Lopez, Harley Finkelstein, Alexa von Tobel, Noah Kagan, Nick Bare, Greg Isenberg, James Altucher, Randy Hetrick and more. ----- Additional episodes you might enjoy: • #224 Rob Dyrdek - How Tracking Every Second of His Life Took Rob Drydek from 0 to $405M in Exits • #209 Gary Vaynerchuk - Why NFTS Are the Future • #178 Balaji Srinivasan - Balaji on How to Fix the Media, Cloud Cities & Crypto * #169 - How One Man Started 5, Billion Dollar Companies, Dan Gilbert's Empire, & Talking With Warren Buffett • ​​​​#218 - Why You Should Take a Think Week Like Bill Gates • Dave Portnoy vs The World, Extreme Body Monitoring, The Future of Apparel Retail, "How Much is Anthony Pompliano Worth?", and More • How Mr Beast Got 100M Views in Less Than 4 Days, The $25M Chrome Extension, and More

#1891 - Duncan Trussell

From Joe Rogan Experience

Duncan Trussell is a stand-up comic, writer, actor, and host of the "Duncan Trussell Family Hour" podcast. http://www.duncantrussell.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The marvels and mysteries revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope | Heidi Hammel and Nadia Drake

From TED Talks Daily

From favorite moons to the search for alien life, astronomer Heidi Hammel discusses the latest in astronomy and the breakthrough innovations behind her work with NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. In conversation with science journalist Nadia Drake, Hammel shares how scientists are studying objects that are farther away and older than ever before, searching for answers to how our universe evolved -- and what else might be out there.Learn more about our flagship conference happening this April at attend.ted.com/podcast Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

How Women (and Everyone) Can Form Deeper Bonds to Fight Bias at Work

From HBR IdeaCast

The number of women—especially women of color—in leadership ranks at the world’s largest companies remains desperately small. Tina Opie, associate professor of management at Babson College, offers a new practice for women to lift each other up and fight systemic bias in the workplace, something she calls “shared sisterhood.” The idea is to be more honest with each other, forming truer bonds. That involves listening, understanding yourself, and a willingness to take risks. With University of Iowa management professor Beth Livingston, Opie wrote the new book “Shared Sisterhood: How to Take Collective Action for Racial and Gender Equity at Work.”

Let waypoints guide you, w/Aurora's Chris Urmson

From Masters of Scale

To complete an audacious journey, you need to set short, achievable goals — or waypoints — to avoid getting wildly lost. But waypoints also need to be flexible because when you're knocked off track, you need to be able to realign your waypoints to get back on course. Aurora's Chris Urmson shares how he keeps returning to short, flexible waypoints on his daunting journey to make autonomous vehicles part of our everyday lives.Read a transcript of this episode: https://mastersofscale.comSubscribe to the Masters of Scale weekly newsletter: https://mastersofscale.com/subscribeSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Kirsten Green - Investing in Consumer Change

My guest today is Kirsten Green, founder and managing partner at Forerunner Ventures. Kirsten launched Forerunner in 2012 and has built it into a leading consumer-focused venture firm with early investments in consumer brands like Dollar Shave Club, Bonobos, Faire, and Warby Parker. Our conversation is an exploration of consumer behavior and how to invest behind change in our society. We also discuss frameworks for identifying brands early, how to build deal flow, and the shift in power between buyers and sellers. Please enjoy my conversation with Kirsten Green.   For the full show notes, transcript, and links to mentioned content, check out the episode page here.   -----   This episode is brought to you by Canalyst. Canalyst is the leading destination for public company data and analysis. If you're a professional equity investor and haven't talked to Canalyst recently, you should give them a shout. Learn more and try Canalyst for yourself at canalyst.com.    -----   Today's episode is brought to you by Brex. Brex is the integrated financial platform trusted by the world's most innovative entrepreneurs and fastest-growing companies. With Brex, you can move money fast for instant impact with high-limit corporate cards, payments, venture debt, and spend management software all in one place. Ready to accelerate your business? Learn more at brex.com/best.   -----   Invest Like the Best is a property of Colossus, LLC. For more episodes of Invest Like the Best, visit joincolossus.com/episodes.    Past guests include Tobi Lutke, Kevin Systrom, Mike Krieger, John Collison, Kat Cole, Marc Andreessen, Matthew Ball, Bill Gurley, Anu Hariharan, Ben Thompson, and many more.   Stay up to date on all our podcasts by signing up to Colossus Weekly, our quick dive every Sunday highlighting the top business and investing concepts from our podcasts and the best of what we read that week. Sign up here.   Follow us on Twitter: @patrick_oshag | @JoinColossus   Show Notes [00:02:35] - [First question] - The insights gleaned from studying consumers in the modern era [00:07:02] - Whether or not the shift in consumer behavior is similar to a platform shift like mobile [00:09:58] - Which of her hypothesis going into the research was proven most wrong [00:11:31] - The leading persona archetype that drives consumer spending  [00:13:58] - Thoughts about her investing focus after doing all of this research  [00:16:23] - How much the digital world is good and bad for community [00:18:50] - Positive and negative impacts digital access has on children [00:21:17] - The investing criteria that she and her firm have developed for founders and business models they find desirable  [00:32:00] - The beachhead problem for entry points, encouraging good focus and entry point selection, and who’s done it well  [00:35:33] - The history of the consumer of how they buy and sell and where the shifts in power have been  [00:39:47] - Other interesting trends she’s seeing in the seller empowerment era [00:43:35] - How different her investing models are for linear product businesses [00:46:45] - Frameworks she’s developed for evaluating a brand early on  [00:49:57] - The most defining moment in Forerunner’s history and the hardest lesson she’s had to learn  [00:53:13] - Ways she’s fostered and mentored young investors at Forerunner  [00:54:04] - What the most underappreciated thing is today about the consumer [00:54:50] - User and customer development strategies that work well for early stage products [00:56:26] - Three businesses young investors should study to educate themselves on great consumer businesses; Shoe Dog [00:59:49] - Where they find the companies Forerunner tends to invest in, and how to build and effective deal flow pipeline  [01:05:07] - The kindest thing anyone has ever done for her

What you discover when you really listen | Hrishikesh Hirway

From TED Talks Daily

Every conversation has the potential to open up and reveal all the layers and layers within it, all those rooms within rooms," says podcaster and musician Hrishikesh Hirway. In this profoundly moving talk, he offers a guide to deep conversations and explores what you learn when you stop to listen closely. Stay tuned to the end to hear a performance of his original song "Between There and Here (feat. Yo-Yo Ma).Learn more about our flagship conference happening this April at attend.ted.com/podcast Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

How Meditation Works & Science-Based Effective Meditations

From Huberman Lab

In this episode, I discuss the biological mechanisms of the state changes that occur during different types of meditation and describe how to develop the meditation practice optimal for you. I explain key meditation principles, such as using specific breathwork patterns and adjusting your perception to specific locations along the continuum between interoception, exteroception and dissociation. I discuss how meditation practices lead to long-term trait changes and neuroplasticity, including changing your default mood, reducing baseline anxiety/depression, increasing your ability to focus, enhancing relaxation, improving sleep, and increasing your overall happiness level. I also explain the concept behind the “third-eye center,” what mindfulness is from a biological standpoint, the power of ultra-brief meditations and how to select the best meditation and time and duration to meditate to meet your need. I also explain a novel open-eyed perception-based meditation that may enhance focus, relaxation and task-switching ability. Whether you are a novice or an experienced meditator or simply interested in how our brain controls different aspects of conscious awareness and self-regulation, this episode should interest you. For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Meditation (00:04:48) Sponsor: LMNT (00:08:25) Brief History of Meditation: Consciousness, Psychedelics, fMRI (00:16:19) How the Brain Interprets the Body & Surrounding Environment; Mindfulness (00:26:07) Neuroscience of Meditation; Perceptual Spotlights (00:31:58) Sponsor: AG1 (00:33:41) Interoception vs. Exteroception (00:42:20) Default Mode Network, Continuum of Interoception & Exteroception (00:53:30) Tools: Interoceptive or Exteroceptive Bias, Meditation Challenge (01:01:48) State & Trait Changes, Interoceptive & Exteroceptive Meditations, Refocusing (01:07:35) Tool: Brief Meditations, Waking Up App (01:10:30) “Third Eye Center” & Wandering Thoughts (01:20:46) Meditation: Practice Types, Focal Points & Consistency (01:24:10) Breathwork: Cyclic Hyperventilation, Box Breathing & Interoception (01:30:41) Tool: Meditation Breathwork, Cyclic vs. Complex Breathwork (01:39:22) Interoception vs. Dissociation, Trauma (01:47:43) Model of Interoception & Dissociation Continuum (01:53:39) Meditation & Dissociation: Mood, Bias & Corresponding Challenge (02:00:18) Meditation & Sleep: Yoga Nidra, Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) (02:11:33) Choosing a Meditative Practice; Hypnosis (02:14:53) Tool: Space-Time Bridging (STB) (02:25:00) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Social Media Disclaimer Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

"Elisabeth Moss"

From SmartLess

We have our cake (and eat it too) with the ultra-talented Elisabeth Moss. Sean gets Lizzy’s address, Will tries to figure out how cool Jazz is, and Jason throws out his new dance company concept. 5-6-7-8, it's SmartLess!

#546 - Baggage Claim - Modern Cinema Treats Women Like Idiots

From Modern Wisdom

Baggage Claim is a YouTuber and movie critic. There have been a lot of female leads in TV and cinema over the last few years. She-Hulk, Captain Marvel, Dr Strange 2 and The Rings Of Power all showed women leading the charge, but just how aspirational and admirable are these role models for the women that watch them? Is it treating them like mature humans or patronising them like fragile idiots? Expect to learn how cultural narcissism has taken hold of Hollywood, why perfect female characters teach women nothing about how to be a good person, why Hollywood relies on performative empathy to feel good, the problem with She-Hulk's dating life, why no one is going to be guilted into watching anything, the lessons to learn from Bros romcom failure and much more... Extra Stuff: Subscribe to Baggage Claim on YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/c/BaggageClaim  Get my free Reading List of 100 books to read before you die → https://chriswillx.com/books/ To support me on Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/modernwisdom - Get in touch. Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chriswillx Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/chriswillx YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/modernwisdompodcast Email: https://chriswillx.com/contact/  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

#1890 - Bridget Phetasy

From Joe Rogan Experience

Bridget Phetasy is a writer and stand-up comedian. She is the host of the podcast "Walk-Ins Welcome" and youtube program "Dumpster Fire," and co-host, along with her husband Jeren Montgomery, of the podcast "Factory Settings." https://phetasy.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#333 – Andrej Karpathy: Tesla AI, Self-Driving, Optimus, Aliens, and AGI

From Lex Fridman Podcast

Andrej Karpathy is a legendary AI researcher, engineer, and educator. He’s the former director of AI at Tesla, a founding member of OpenAI, and an educator at Stanford. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex to get special savings – BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off – Fundrise: https://fundrise.com/lex – Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex to get 1 month of fish oil EPISODE LINKS: Andrej’s Twitter: http://twitter.com/karpathy Andrej’s YouTube: http://youtube.com/c/AndrejKarpathy Andrej’s Website: http://karpathy.ai Andrej’s Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=l8WuQJgAAAAJ Books mentioned: The Vital Question: https://amzn.to/3q0vN6q Life Ascending: https://amzn.to/3wKIsOE The Selfish Gene: https://amzn.to/3TCo63s Contact: https://amzn.to/3W3y5Au The Cell: https://amzn.to/3W5f6pa PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (05:41) – Neural networks (10:45) – Biology (16:15) – Aliens (26:27) – Universe (38:18) – Transformers (46:34) – Language models (56:45) – Bots (1:03:05) – Google’s LaMDA (1:10:28) – Software 2.0 (1:21:28) – Human annotation (1:23:25) – Camera vision (1:28:30) – Tesla’s Data Engine (1:32:39) – Tesla Vision (1:39:09) – Elon Musk (1:44:17) – Autonomous driving (1:49:11) – Leaving Tesla (1:54:39) – Tesla’s Optimus (2:03:45) – ImageNet (2:06:23) – Data (2:16:15) – Day in the life (2:29:31) – Best IDE (2:36:37) – arXiv (2:41:06) – Advice for beginners (2:50:24) – Artificial general intelligence (3:03:44) – Movies (3:09:37) – Future of human civilization (3:13:56) – Book recommendations (3:20:05) – Advice for young people (3:21:56) – Future of machine learning (3:28:44) – Meaning of life

E102: Elon closes Twitter deal, $META uncertainty, Zuck's historic bet, big tech decline & more

From All-In with Chamath, Jason, Sacks & Friedberg

(0:00) Sacks is back! (1:01) Sacks recaps his week off (3:13) Elon finalizes Twitter deal, immediate content moderation decisions, platform potential (31:19) Meta's historic bet on VR and stock price predicament, governance structure, and more (1:02:52) Big tech's 2022 decline, macro outlook, market breakdown (1:06:32) Ukraine update: Progressives call for diplomacy, then flip flop, chip sanctions on China (1:27:29) Science corner: Gut microbiome advancements Follow the besties: https://twitter.com/chamath https://linktr.ee/calacanis https://twitter.com/DavidSacks https://twitter.com/friedberg Follow the pod: https://twitter.com/theallinpod https://linktr.ee/allinpodcast Intro Music Credit: https://rb.gy/tppkzl https://twitter.com/yung_spielburg Intro Video Credit: https://twitter.com/TheZachEffect Referenced in the show: https://www.google.com/finance/quote/TWTR:NYSE https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1586059953311137792 https://medium.com/@alt.cap/time-to-get-fit-an-open-letter-from-altimeter-to-mark-zuckerberg-and-the-meta-board-of-392d94e80a18 https://www.google.com/finance/quote/META:NASDAQ https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/JTSJOL https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/EFFR https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3702113-progressives-urge-biden-to-push-harder-for-ukraine-peace-talks https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/10/26/progressives-thought-crime-on-ukraine-00063621 https://twitter.com/BillAckman/status/1581831084219645952

Page 343 of 742 (14831 episodes from United States)

🇺🇸 About United States Episodes

Explore the diverse voices and perspectives from podcast creators in United States. Each episode offers unique insights into the culture, language, and stories from this region.